Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): An update of the literature and instrumental study with schoolchildren

Introduction: Considering the current controversy regarding the factorial structure of the SDQ, this paper aimed to analyse the dimensionality and reliability of the parents' version for children from 4 to 16 years of age, and to present descriptive data according to sociodemographic variables. Method: The factor structure of the original five- and three-factor models, and the reliability of the SDQ were examined among a sample of 621 parents of Uruguayan children between 7 and 12 years of age (52% girls) from different socioeconomic levels. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses did not provide support for the five- and three-factor models. Data adjusted to three factors (prosociality, externalising symptoms, internalising symptoms) in an exploratory analysis with adequate reliability indices. Conclusions: The results of this study show the relevance of continued investigation of the SDQ internal structure, and further analysis of the behaviour of several of its items.

Introducción: Considerando la controversia vigente respecto a la estructura factorial del SDQ, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar la validez de constructo y fiabilidad de la versión para padres de niños de 4 a 16 años y presentar datos descriptivos según variables sociodemográficas. Método: Se examinó la estructura factorial de los modelos originales de cinco y tres factores y la fiabilidad del SDQ en una muestra de 621 padres de niños uruguayos entre 7 y 12 años (52 % niñas) de distintos niveles socioeconómicos. Resultados: Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios no pudieron dar apoyo a los modelos de cinco y tres factores. Los datos se ajustaron a tres factores (prosocialidad, síntomas externalizantes y síntomas internalizantes) en un análisis exploratorio con adecuados índices de fiabilidad. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio muestran la pertinencia de continuar investigando la estructura interna del SDQ y analizar con mayor profundidad el comportamiento de algunos de sus ítems.

Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala verbal de fusión de identidad en una muestra chilena / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Verbal Identity Fusion Scale in a Chilean sample

Resumen La fusión de identidad consiste en un sentimiento de unión con un grupo, en el que el individuo experimenta una mezcla entre su identidad personal y la social; y es un buen predictor de la conducta extrema progrupo. El presente estudio analizó la estructura factorial de la Escala verbal de fusión de identidad elaborada por Gómez et al. (2011), en una muestra chilena. Se utilizó una muestra universitaria seleccionada por conveniencia de 411 participantes (66% mujeres) con una edad media de 24.45 años (DT = 5.89). Se analizó el ajuste unifactorial y bifactorial de la Escala a través del análisis factorial, y las respectivas confiabilidades. Los resultados indicaron un buen y mejor ajuste del modelo bifactorial (χ 2/gl = 3.34, p < .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .957, SRMR = .030, y RMSEA = .085), por sobre el unifactorial, que no mostró un buen ajuste (χ 2/gl = 5.26, p < .001, CFI = .946, TLI = .919, SRMR = .042, y RMSEA = .116). Ambos modelos contaron con altas confiabilidades (> .800). Se discutió sobre el mejor ajuste de la estructura bifactorial en relación con estudios realizados en Estados Unidos, España y población inmigrante en Chile. Se proyecta la necesidad de futuros estudios que incorporen otros análisis de validez y superen la limitación del presente estudio asociada al uso de una muestra no representativa.

Abstract Identity fusion consists in a form alignment with a group and is a significant predictor of extreme pro-group behavior. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the verbal scale of identity fusion developed by Gómez et al. (2011), in a Chilean sample. A Chilean university sample by convenience of 411 participants (66% women) with a mean age of 24.45 years (SD = 5.89) was used. One-factor and two-factor fit of the scale was analyzed through factor analysis, and the respective reliabilities. The results indicated a good and better fit of the two-factor (χ2/gl = 3.34, p < .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .957, SRMR = .030, and RMSEA = .085), than the one-factor model, which did not show a good fit (χ2/gl = 5.26, p < .001, CFI = .946, TLI = .919, SRMR = .042, and RMSEA = .116). Both models had high reliabilities (> .800). The better fit of the two-factor structure was discussed in relation to studies conducted in the United States, Spain, and an immigrant population in Chile. The need for future studies incorporating other validity analyses and overcoming the limitation of the present study associated with the use of a non-representative sample is projected.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión corta del Inventario Friburgo de Mindfulness / Psychometric properties of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory short version

Resumen Antecedentes El mindfulness está cobrando un interés cada vez más creciente desde el ámbito de intervención psicológica, pero también desde ámbitos educativos o laborales. Este interés está suscitando, como consecuencia, la necesidad de disponer de herramientas que ayuden a medirlo. Objetivo Presentar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión corta de la adaptación española del Inventario Friburgo de Mindfulness (IFM) que tiene sus raíces teóricas en la tradición budista. Método Se contó con una muestra de 543 participantes (161 hombres y 379 mujeres) cuya edad media fue de 35.27 ( DT = 13.66), con unos niveles educativos y situaciones laborales heterogéneos. Resultados La consistencia interna ( α = .86, ω = .87) así como otros aspectos relacionados con la validez de constructo pueden considerarse apropiados. Los análisis factoriales exploratorios llevados a cabo apuntan a que los ítems de la escala se agrupan en dos factores relacionados, aceptación incondicional y atención plena, frente al modelo unifactorial planteado inicialmente desde el punto de vista teórico. Conclusiones Consideramos que la versión breve del IFM puede ser utilizada con éxito tanto a nivel clínico como para la investigación y, en este sentido, se sugiere que se siga indagando en la estructura factorial de la escala.

Abstract Background Mindfulness is getting more and more attention from psychological intervention contexts, but also from educational and organizational settings. As a consequence, there also is a growing need for tools to measure mindfulness. Objective The aim of this work is to present the Spanish adaptation psychometric properties of the short version Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), a test based on Buddhist tradition. Method A sample of 543 participants (161 males and 379 females) with age average of 35.27 ( SD = 13.66) and heterogeneous educational and occupational background was studied. Results The scale internal consistency ( α = .86, ω = .87) as well as construct validity evidences can be considered appropriated. Exploratory factorial analyses suggest the FMI items are clustered in two related factors, unconditional acceptance, and full attention, as opposed to the initially proposed unifactorial model. Conclusions the FMI short version can be successfully used for clinical and research purposes although its factorial structure should be additionally tested.

Estructura Factorial de la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida: Version para padres (ECPP-p)

Introducción: Este estudio evalúa la dimensionalidad de la versión para padres de la Escala de Competencia Parental Percibida (ECPP-p). La muestra considera a padres (n = 227; M = 35.34, DE = 7.22) de Lima metropolitana. Método: El análisis estructural se realizó con el análisis factorial confirmatorio mediante el uso del estimador WLSMV acorde a la naturaleza ordinal de los ítems de la escala. Se confirmó la estructura original evaluada de cinco dimensiones correlacionadas: implicación escolar, dedicación personal, ocio compartido, asesoramiento y orientación y asunción rol de padre o madre. Resultados: Se obtuvo un ajuste adecuado al modelo de cinco factores, X 2 = 406.47, CFI =0.96, TLI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.068. Los coeficientes de consistencia interna fueron adecuados para cada una de las dimensiones (( >0.80) ((α >0.70). Conclusión: Se concluye que la ECPP-p es un instrumento que presenta evidencias de estructura interna y confiabilidad en la muestra de estudio.

Background: This study examines the dimensionality of the parent version of the Scale of Sensed Parental Competencies (ECPP-p). The sample was composed of 227 parents (n = 227; M = 35.34, DE = 7.22) from Lima Metropolitan. Method: The structural analysis was conducted with confirmatory factor analysis using the estimator WLSMV according to the ordinal nature of the items on the scale. The original structure evaluated of five correlated dimensions: school involvement, personal dedication, shared leisure, counseling and guidance and assumption of the role of father or mother was confirmed. Results: An adequate fit was obtained to the model of five factors, X 2 = 406.47, CFI = .96, TLI =0.95, RMSEA =0.068. The internal consistency coefficients were adequate for each of the dimensions ((( >0.80) ((α >0.70). Conclusion: The ECPP-p is an instrument that presents evidence of internal structure and reliability in the study sample.

Outcomes Assessment in Psychological Treatment: Spanish adaptation of OQ-45 (Outcome Questionnaire) / Evaluación de resultados en el tratamiento psicológico: adaptación española del OQ-45 (Outcome Questionnaire)

Abstract Introduction: The Lambert's Outcomes Questionnaire (OQ-45) is a 45-item self-administered instrument used to measure clinical outcomes in psychotherapy. It measures functioning through three areas: symptoms distress, interpersonal relations and social role. The objective of this paper is to assess the reliability and the validity of its Spanish version. Method: A sample of 639 subjects, non-clinical and clinical, completed the instrument. Results: The psychometric evidences of the questionnaire showed an adequate internal consistency (.97 and .91) and acceptable convergent validity with the BDI, STAI, PSS and SF-12. The Confirmatory Factor Analyses suggested a bifactor structure. The cut-off points have been established for the subscales and total score (54.5), considering the clinical criterion, which means, prioritizing slightly the sensibility over the specificity. The RCI was 3.80 and Minimum Change Score 17.56. Conclusion: The OQ-45 showed acceptable psychometric properties, providing support for using this version of the questionnaire to assess Spanish's functionality. Given these findings, this tool could help clinicians evaluate treatment efficacy and establish psychotherapy goals.

Resumen Introducción: El instrumento Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45) desarrollado por Lambert, se trata de una escala auto-administrada de 45-ítems que se utiliza para medir los resultados clínicos en psicoterapia. Esta herramienta evalúa el funcionamiento por medio de tres áreas: síntomas de malestar, relaciones interpersonales y rol social. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la fiabilidad y la validez de la versión española. Método: Una muestra de 639 personas, clínica y no clínica, cumplimentaron dicho instrumento. Resultados: Las evidencias psicométricas del cuestionario mostraron una consistencia interna adecuada (.97 y .91) y una validez convergente aceptable con las siguientes escalas: BDI, STAI, PSS y SF-12. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios han sugerido una estructura bifactorial. Los puntos de corte se han establecido para las subescalas y la puntuación total (54.5), teniendo en cuenta el criterio clínico, lo que significa que se ha priorizado ligeramente la sensibilidad sobre la especificidad. El RCI ha sido de 3.80 y la puntuación mínima de cambio de 17.56. Conclusión: El OQ-45 ha mostrado propiedades psicométricas aceptables, que apoyan el uso de esta versión para valorar la funcionalidad de los españoles y, como consecuencia, podría ayudar a los clínicos a evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento y establecer objetivos en psicoterapia.

Psychometric properties and factorial invariance of the satisfaction with life scale in Latino immigrants in Chile, Spain, and United States / Propiedades psicométricas e invarianza factorial de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en Chile, España y EEUU

Abstract: Background: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is the most widely used instrument to assess subjective well-being in different populations. Aim: The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties and the factorial invariance of the SWLS in Latino immigrants living in Chile, Spain, and the United States. Method: A total of 663 participants over the age of 18 and who have lived in the host country for more than a year participated. Results: The results provide evidence of good internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Also, there is evidence for the unifactorial structure of the instrument through confirmatory factor analysis and its invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar. Conclusions: It is concluded that SWLS is an invariant and reliable measure to study life satisfaction in Latino immigrants in western countries.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es el instrumento más utilizado para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo en distintas poblaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la invarianza factorial de la SWLS en inmigrantes latinos que viven en Chile, España y EEUU. Método: Participaron un total de 663 inmigrantes latinos mayores de 18 años y que llevan más de un año viviendo en el país de acogida. Resultados: Los resultados entregan evidencia de una buena consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald, también se provee soporte a la estructura unifactorial del instrumento mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y finalmente se prueba que la escala es invariante a nivel configural, métrico y escalar. Conclusión: Se concluye que la SWLS es una medida invariante y fiable para estudiar la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en países occidentales.

Comportamiento innovador en el trabajo: Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la Escala de Janssen / Innovative work behavior: Confirmatory factorial analysis of Janssen's Scale

Resumen El comportamiento laboral innovador constituye un complejo conjunto de acciones tendientes a la generación (producción de ideas novedosas y útiles), promoción (socialización y construcción de coaliciones entre aliados potenciales necesarios para desarrollarlas) y realización (desarrollo efectivo de la innovación) de ideas novedosas. Entre los instrumentos diseñados para medir este constructo, la Escala de Comportamiento Laboral Innovador de Janssen se destaca como uno de los más utilizados en las investigaciones contemporáneas. No obstante, aún no existe consenso respecto a su estructura factorial. Este estudio presenta evidencias de validez interna de su adaptación para Argentina. Se diseñó un estudio instrumental sobre una muestra multiocupacional de 543 trabajadores (64 % mujeres; .edad = 35.32 años; .antigüedad laboral = 8.78 años). Mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios se contrastaron tres modelos de medida elaborados con base en la teoría y la evidencia empírica: (a) un modelo unifactorial, (b) un modelo trifactorial oblicuo y, (c) un modelo trifactorial con un factor de segundo orden. Los índices de ajuste absoluto, incremental y parsimonioso fueron adecuados para los tres modelos. No obstante, se encontraron coeficientes de correlación entre los factores latentes superiores a 1, lo que indicó que los dos últimos modelos no eran inválidos. No se encontró evidencia que sustente la validez discriminante-convergente y la confiabilidad de las supuestas tres dimensiones del comportamiento innovador. Con base en estos hallazgos, se concluye que el modelo de medida unifactorial constituye la solución más idónea en la muestra analizada, presentando adecuada confiabilidad compuesta e invarianza configural y métrica entre varones y mujeres.

Abstract Innovative work behaviour is defined as the intentional creation, introduction and application of new ideas within a work role, group or organization, in order to benefit role performance, the group, or the organization. Following Janssen (2000), it is conceive as complex behaviour consisting of a set of three different behavioural tasks: idea generation (the production of novel and useful ideas in any domain), idea promotion (the socialization of ideas and built of a coalition of supporters among potential allies such as friends and sponsors, who provide the necessary power and resources to develop the idea), and idea realization (the production of a prototype or model of the innovation that can be experienced and ultimately applied). Although innovative work behaviour is theoretically treated as multi-dimensional, available measures are mostly one-dimensional. Also, the empirical evidence for the validity of innovative work behaviour measures is limited. The Innovative Work Behavior Scale of Janssen (2000) stands out as one of the most measures used in contemporary research. However, there is still no consensus regarding its uni or tri-factorial structure. This study presents evidence of internal validity of the Janssen´s Innovative Work Behavior Scale. An instrumental study was designed on a multi-oupational sample of 543 workers (64 % women, .age = 35.32 years, labor .seniority = 8.78 years). Innovative work behaviours were measured with an argentinean adaptation of Janssen ´s scale. The scale consist in 9 item and it was completed by the own respondents (self-report). The response format was a 5-point scale ranging from 'never' (1) to 'always' (5). Confirmatory factorial analysis were conducted to examinate the scale´s dimensionality. Three measurement models (based on theory and empirical evidence) was estimated: (a) a uni-factorial model, (b) an oblique tri-factorial model and, (c) a tri-factorial model with a second-order factor. Values of absolute, incremental and parsimonious fit were within adequated ranges. Nevertheless, the correlation coefficients between the latent factors indicated problems in the estimation of the last two models (b and c). Specifically, the intercorrelations between idea realization and idea generation factor, as well as between the last one and idea promotion were above 1. This result indicated that a multi-dimensional structure was invalidate. In the same way, the average variance extracted (AVE) and the composite reliability (CR) indixes showed no evidence to support the discriminant-convergent validity and the reliability of the supposed three dimensions of innovative behavior. Given these results, it is concluded that the uni-factorial measurement model is the most suitable solution in the analyzed sample. This model showed adequate composite reliability, as well as configural and metric invariance between men and women. In line with own Janssen (2000) the dimensions may be to combine additively to create an overall scale of innovative work behavior. Future work should explore the nomological network of innovatiwe work behaviours in order to obtain more robust evidence for construct validity. Although some further research is needed, this study has tried to provide evidence of internal validity of a simple and pratical measure that is suitable for different work contexts, especially when innovative efforts are needed from all employees. It can be used in further research aimed to enhance our understanding of individual innovation.

Validación del inventario de pensamientos negativos en respuesta al dolor en población argentina con cefaleas primarias / Validation of the inventory of negative thoughts in response to pain in the argentine population with primary headaches

Resumen: Procesos cognitivos tales como pensamientos negativos son importantes moduladores de la experiencia de dolor. El Inventario de Pensamientos Negativos en Respuesta al Dolor (INTRP) es una herramienta que permite evaluar los pensamientos automáticos negativos asociados a la experiencia dolorosa. El presente trabajo se enfoca en la validación del INTRP en población argentina. Se testearon varios modelos previos, llegando al mejor ajuste el modelo de cinco factores: 1) autoverbalizaciones negativas, 2) pensamientos negativos de apoyo social, 3) pensamientos de discapacidad, 5) pensamientos de falta de control y 5) pensamientos de autoinculpación. Este modelo posee la misma estructura factorial que la hallada en la versión española, el cual posee un nivel mayor de especificidad en la detección de cogniciones asociadas al dolor. Se puede concluir que el INTRP es una herramienta confiable para su uso en el ámbito clínico que permita enfocar la terapia psicológica de argentinos con cefaleas.

Abstract: Cognitive processes such as negative thoughts are important modulators of the pain experience. The Inventory of Negative Thoughts in Response to Pain (INTRP) is a tool that allows evaluating negative automatic thoughts associated with the painful experience. The present work focuses on the validation of the INTRP in the Argentine population. Several previous models were tested, reaching the best fit of the five-factor model: 1) negative self-verbalizations, 2) negative thoughts of social support, 3) thoughts of disability, 5) thoughts of lack of control and 5) thoughts of self-blame. This model has the same factor structure as that found in the Spanish version, which has a higher level of specificity in detecting cognitions associated with pain. It can be concluded that the INTRP is a reliable tool for use in the clinical setting that allows to focus the psychological therapy of Argentines with headaches.

Estructura factorial de la versión mexicana del Inventario de Depresión de Beck II en población general del sureste mexicano / Factorial Structure of Mexican Version of the Beck Depression Inventory II in General Population of Mexican Southeastern

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar la estructura factorial del cuestionario BDI-II en población abierta del sureste de México. Método: Se recolectaron aplicaciones del BDI-II en una muestra de 3701 habitantes del municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez de siete colonias diferentes. Se describen las características generales de la población y se contrasta el ajuste de la estructura a los datos de la muestra con cinco estructuras factoriales propuestas en estudios de validación psicométrica anteriores por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio. Así mismo, se determinó la confiabilidad total de la prueba. Resultados: El análisis confirmatorio muestra que los datos se ajustan a la estructura teórica propuesta por Beck, Steer y Brown con dos modificaciones. Las otras estructuras analizadas tienen índices de ajuste menos satisfactorios. La confiabilidad total de la prueba fue de .92. Discusión y conclusión: Se discuten algunas razones por las cuales los resultados de este trabajo difieren de los reportados en investigaciones anteriores y la importancia del análisis psicométrico adecuado para pruebas utilizadas en distintas poblaciones de estudio.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the factorial structure of the BDI-II questionnaire in the open population of southeastern Mexico. Method: BDI-II applications were collected in a sample of 3,701 inhabitants of the municipality of Oaxaca de Juarez from seven different colonies. The general characteristics of the population are described and the adjustment of the structure to the data of the sample is contrasted with five factorial structures proposed in previous psychometric validation studies by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Likewise, the total reliability of the test was determined. Results: The confirmatory analysis shows that the data conform to the theoretical structure proposed by Beck, Steer and Brown with two modifications. The other structures analyzed have less satisfactory adjustment indices. The total reliability of the test was .92. Discussion and conclusion: We discuss some reasons why the results of this work differ from those reported in previous research and the importance of adequate psychometric analysis for tests used in different study populations.

La estructura factorial de la Escala hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión en pacientes adolescentes con enfermedad crónica / Factor structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in adolescent patients with chronic disease

Introducción. La Escala hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) es un instrumento de pesquisa, utilizado para evaluar sintomatología emocional en diferentes poblacionesy patologías médicas. Este estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial de la HADS en adolescentes con enfermedad crónica y las diferencias en función de la patología médica. Método. La HADS fue administrada a una muestra de 302 adolescentes con enfermedad crónica. Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios con una submuestra de 100 adolescentes y análisis factoriales confirmatorios con el resto de los participantes (202) para analizar la validez y fiabilidad de la HADS (14 ítems); además se calculó el análisis de la varianza de un factor para analizar las diferencias entre patologías. Resultados. Pacientes de 12 a 16 años de edad, con una distribución similar por género; el 43 % padecía enfermedades respiratorias, y el 47 %, endocrinológicas. La estructura original de dos factores (ansiedad y depresión) fue la que mostró buenos índices de ajuste e incorporó un factor de 2° orden (malestar emocional). Tres de los ítems originales de la escala fueron eliminados; se obtuvo, finalmente, una nueva versión de 11 ítems. Esta mostró adecuadas propiedades psicométricas y se observaron diferencias entre pacientes con diabetes mellitus 1 y con patología respiratoria, pero no en talla baja, en el factor de depresión. Conclusiones. Esta escala presenta una adecuada fiabilidad y validez en pacientes con enfermedad crónica pediátrica y resulta útil para la detección temprana de clínica ansioso-depresiva en el ámbito sanitario.

Introduction. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a screening instrument that assesses emotional symptoms in different populations and medical conditions.This study analyzes the psychometric properties and factor structure of the HADS in adolescents with chronic disease and the differences based on their medical condition. Method. The HADS was administered to a sample of 302 adolescents with chronic disease. Exploratory factor analyses were done in a sub-sample of 100 adolescents, while confirmatory factor analyses were performed in the rest of participants (202) to examine the validity and reliability of the HADS (14 items); an analysis of variance for a single factor was also done to study differences among diseases.Results. Patients were aged 12-16 years, with a similar sex ratio; 43 % had respiratory diseases and 47 %, endocrine disorders. The original two-factor structure (anxiety and depression) showed adequate fit indices and incorporated a second-order factor (emotional distress). Three of the original items were removed, thus obtaining a new 11-item version. This showed adequate psychometric properties, and differences were observed between patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and those with respiratory disease, but not in terms of short stature, in the depression factor.Conclusions. The HADS displays an adequate reliability and validity in pediatric patients with chronic disease and is useful for the early detection of anxiety and depression in the health care setting

Medición del burnout: Estructura factorial, validez y confiabilidad en trabajadores argentinos / Measurement of burnout: Factor structure, validity and reliability in Argentinean

El burnout representa uno de los daños de carácter laboral y psicosocial más importantes en el mundo actual. En el presente trabajo se analiza la estructura factorial, la validez y la confiabilidad de una medida de burnout en Argentina, compuesta por las escalas del Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) y la subescala de despersonalzación correspondiente al Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services. Se utilizó una muestra de 1903 trabajadores del sector público, privado y organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Para evaluar la estructura interna se pusieron a prueba un total de seis modelos. Los resultados obtenidos por medio de análisis factorial confirmatorio, indican que un modelo de dos factores correlacionados, compuesto por las dimensiones corazón del burnout (agotamiento y cinismo), es el que posee un mejor ajuste a los datos. Por su parte, los análisis de confiabilidad evidenciaron una consistencia interna aceptable, como así también una adecuada fiabilidad de constructo para los factores. Finalmente, se obtuvieron correlaciones significativas y en la dirección esperada entre los factores del burnout y medidas de engagement y afecto, proporcionando así evidencia externa de validez concurrente para los puntajes de la escala. Globalmente, los resultados son satisfactorios y avalan el uso del MBI-GS en el contexto argentino, aunque se requiere de nuevos estudios que examinen otras propiedades psicométricas relevantes. Se discuten las implicaciones de este trabajo para la evaluación y la investigación sobre burnout en Argentina.

Over last decades increasing globalization, privatization and liberalization caused significant changes at work, including demands of learning new skills, the need to adopt new types of works, higher pressure of productivity and quality of work, and time pressure, which, in turn, increased rapidly work stress-related phenomenon such as burnout. To date, burnout has become one of the most active research areas in Occupational Health Psychology, spreading attention from researchers, practitioners and policymakers. Despite thousands of investigations on burnout, there is currently an on going debate surrounding its conceptualization and measurement, particularly the dimensions of burnout syndrome. In addition, although several studies have been conducted in Argentina, no study so far has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties of any measure of burnout that supports it use. Consequently, the current study sought to examine the internal structure, validity and reliability of a composite measure of burnout compounded by the three scales from Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and the depersonalization subscale from Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services. A sample of 1903 Argentinean workers from public, private and non-profit sectors participated in the study. To ascertain the more appropriate factor structure of burnout several competing models were tested, specifically: (M1) A one-factor model that assumes burnout as a one-dimensional construct; (M2) A two-factor correlated model with only exhaustion and cynicism (core model); (M3) A two-factor correlated model with exhaustion and cynicism combined into a latent variable and professional inefficacy into another; (M4) A three-factor correlated model with cynicism and depersonalization collapsed into one factor (mental distance), exhaustion and professional inefficacy; (M5) A three-factor correlated model including exhaustion, cynicism and depersonalization; and (M6) A four-factor correlated model with exhaustion, cynicism, depersonalization and professional inefficacy as latent variables. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the two-factor correlated model including the core dimensions of burnout (exhaustion and cynicism) provided the best fit to the data. Reliability analyses demonstrated that both exhaustion and cynicism have good internal consistency and adequate construct reliability, which coefficient value supper .70. As expected, exhaustion and cynicism were significantly and negatively related with engagement and positive affect, and positively related with negative affect, supporting for concurrent validity. Overall, these results are in agreement with recent studies suggesting a more parsimonious conceptualization of burnout that includes only exhaustion and cynicism as more appropriate. We did not find support for professional inefficacy as a component of burnout. Thus, in accordance with some researchers, we suggest that professional inefficacy might be more appropriately conceptualized as a predictor or a consequence -or even both- rather than as a component of burnout. However, due to cross- sectional design used in this study, longitudinal study to test such contention is needed. Furthermore, the current findings support the use of exhaustion and cynicism subscales of MBI-GS for assessing burnout in Argentina, making available a useful tool for practitioners and researchers interested in prevention and treatment of job burnout. Nonetheless, it would be worthwhile to conduct further research in order to examine additional relevant psychometric properties such as test-retest reliability and predictive, convergent and discriminant validity. In addition, it would be important for future research to test the invariance of the two-factor model across different occupations, which might strengthen the findings obtained herein and provide evidence that support the validity of conclusions based on comparison between occupational groups. Finally, future investigation should also investigate the robustness of MBI-GS against social desirability bias.

Análise fatorial confirmatória da versão brasileira do Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático / Confirmatory factor analysis of the Brazilian version of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory / Análisis factorial confirmatorio de la bersión brasileira del Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático

O Inventário de Crescimento Pós-Traumático (PTGI) é um instrumento de autorrelato que avalia mudanças positivas provenientes do enfrentamento de situações adversas. O presente estudo investigou a estrutura fatorial da versão brasileira do instrumento (PTGI-B). Participaram da pesquisa 321 pessoas que passaram por situações adversas variadas. Por meio do método de análise fatorial confirmatória, testou-se cinco diferentes modelos de estrutura fatorial. A estrutura convencional de cinco fatores foi a que melhor se adequou aos dados. No entanto, a estrutura hierárquica de cinco fatores de primeira ordem organizados em torno de um fator geral de segunda também apresentou índices de ajuste adequados. O estudo replica a estrutura fatorial original do PTGI (relacionamento com os outros, novas possibilidades, força pessoal, apreciação pela vida e mudança espiritual). Além disso, os resultados indicam que as análises com o PTGI-B podem ser realizadas tanto considerando as subdimensões do instrumento, quanto uma dimensão geral de crescimento pós-traumático. (AU)

The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) is a self-report instrument used to evaluate positive changes arising from coping with adversity. The current study aimed to investigate the factor structure of the Brazilian version of the instrument (PTGI-Br). A total of 321 subjects, who had experienced a variety of adverse events, participated in the study. Five different factor structure models of the PTGI-Br were tested through the confirmatory factor analysis method. The conventional five-factor model (relating to others, new possibilities, personal strength, appreciation of life and spiritual change) showed better fit indexes when compared to the other models. The factor structure of five first order factors organized around a global hi-order factor was also adequate. The result replicates the PTGI original structure. In addition, it allows the five dimensions of the PTGI-Br, as well as the global higher order dimension, to be used in statistical analysis. (AU)

El Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (PTGI) es un instrumento de autoinforme que evalúa cambios positivos provenientes del enfrentamiento de situaciones adversas. El presente estudio investigó la estructura factorial de la versión brasileña del instrumento (PTGI-B). Participaron en la investigación 321 personas que pasaron por situaciones adversas variadas. A través del método de análisis factorial confirmatorio, se ha probado cinco diferentes modelos de estructura factorial. La estructura convencional de cinco factores fue la que mejor se adecuó a los datos. No obstante, la estructura jerárquica de cinco factores de primer orden organizados en torno a un factor general de segundo también presentó índices de ajuste adecuados. Los resultados replican la estructura factorial original del PTGI (relación con los otros, nuevas posibilidades, fuerza personal, apreciación por la vida y cambio espiritual). Además, los resultados indican que, los análisis con el PTGI-B, pueden ser realizados tanto considerando las subdimensiones del instrumento, como una dimensión general de crecimiento postraumático. (AU)

Tenacidad en estudiantes universitarios chilenos: Un estudio inicial de su estructura y red nomológica / Grit in Chilean university students: An initial study of its structure and nomological network

En los últimos años ha surgido un creciente interés por indagar el rol de las habilidades no cognitivas, como la tenacidad, en el desempeño académico. Si bien la investigación sobre tenacidad no ha generado aún conclusiones definitivas, debe considerarse que ella no ha incluido a poblaciones latinoamericanas. Ante este panorama, este estudio inicial se propuso examinar en estudiantes universitarios chilenos de pedagogía en matemáticas: (1) la estructura interna de la tenacidad y (2) su posición en una red nomológica integrada por desempeño académico, sexo, edad y años en el programa educativo. Un total de 153 estudiantes de la Universidad de La Frontera, una institución estatal chilena, respondió la Escala Corta de Tenacidad y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Análisis factoriales exploratorios revelaron que la tenacidad adquiere una configuración unidimensional que posee una adecuada consistencia interna. Además, adoptando una relación no lineal semejante a una curva hiperbólica, niveles altos de tenacidad se vincularon con desempeño académico alto, en tanto que niveles bajos o moderados se vincularon con desempeño bajo. Finalmente, la tenacidad apareció asociada con sexo (las mujeres mostraron más tenacidad que los hombres) y, en una relación directa, con los años en el programa. Tenacidad no correlacionó significativamente con edad. Este conjunto de hallazgos, que discrepan mayormente de aquellos reportados en la literatura, son discutidos principalmente en términos del dominio disciplinar previo de los participantes y/o de la dificultad del programa educativo. Se proponen explicaciones para estos hallazgos a fin de que sean evaluadas en estudios futuros, empleando un enfoque confirmatorio.

Traditionally, academic performance has been linked to intelligence and some other student´s cognitive abilities. However, in recent 4 years we have witnessed a growing interest in expanding this view by investigating the role that other non-cognitive skills, such as tenacity, may play in academic achievement. Grit can conceptually be conceived as perseverance and passion aimed at achieving long-term goals. A review of the literature shows that grit does not appear to be configured, as some authors claim, as a hierarchical structure with a general second-order construct and two first-order facets (perseverance of effort and consistency of interest). The literature also points out that grit is only a modest predictor of academic performance and that it presents a slightly positive correlation with age and a very weak one with sex and the students' number of years in an academic program. While research on grit has not yet generated any definitive conclusions, it must be considered that it has not included Latin American populations. Given this scenario, this initial study aimed to examine in mathematics teacher Chilean students (1) the internal structure of grit and (2) their position in a nomological network integrated by academic achievement, sex, age and years enrolled in the program. Participants consisted in the total population (n = 153) of students enrolled in a mathematics teacher program at Universidad de La Frontera, a public institution located in the Central-South area from Chile. The program was selected because it presents a high level of difficulty to its students and because it includes highly formalized tasks, as part of its disciplinary courses. Participants responded the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S) and a demographic questionnaire. In this study, Grit-Swas previously translated and adapted into Spanish from the original English version. Grit-Scontains eight items intended to measure the two facets of grit. Exploratory factorial analysis revealed that, after excluding two items due to low factor loadings (items No. 1 and 2), grit presented a one-dimensional configuration, with an adequate internal consistency (ordinal Alpha: .80). A positive linear correlation, although marginally significant, was obtained between grit and academic achievement, r(143)= .12, p =.069, d = .24. However, a planned contrast revealed that a nonlinear relationship, similar to a hyperbolic curve, better explains the link between these two variables. Specifically, this analysis showed that students in the upper grit quintile obtained a significantly higher grade point average than the combined grade point average of the remaining grit quintiles, t(138) =1.87, p = .032, d = .32. This result suggests that academic achievement remains reduced when grit level is low or moderate and only increases when grit level is high. A multiple regression analysis indicated that sex, age and number of years in the program account for 12.6% of grit variance, F(3, 149) = 7.15, p < .001, d = .76. Sex significantly contributed to the prediction (β =.198, p = .011, d = .38) with women, (M = 3.77,dt = .61) reporting higher levels of grit than men (M = 3.53, dt = .69). Whereas age did not significantly contribute to the prediction (β =.102, p = .206), the number of years in the program showed a significant direct association with grit (β = .261, p = .001, d = .60. Due to the originality of these findings, most differing from those reported in the literature, this study offers tentative explanations that future research could use to formulate and empirically test new hypotheses using, hopefully, a confirmatory approach. These possible explanations mainly refer to the participants' previous level of mathematic mastery and/or the level of difficulty demanded by the educational program.

Estructura factorial y consistencia interna de la Escala de Hábitos de Higiene Bucal en muestras de población general y clínica odontológica / Factor structure and internal consistency of the Oral Hygiene Habits Scale in general population and dental clinic samples

RESUMEN La falta de higiene bucal puede causar diferentes tipos de padecimientos, como caries, gingivitis y periodontitis. En México, se ha propuesto recientemente el uso de la Escala de Hábitos de Higiene Bucal (EHHB) como un instrumento diagnóstico para el sector salud. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer la consistencia interna y estructura factorial de la EHHB para que pueda ser aplicada en la evaluación de los hábitos de higiene bucal. En Monterrey, México, se recolectó una muestra de población general (MPG) de 256 participantes y otra muestra clínica odontológica (MCO) de 240 participantes, usando un muestreo no probabilístico. Se comprobó la discriminabilidad y consistencia interna de los 10 ítems de la EHHB, se calculó la consistencia interna de la escala, se exploró su estructura factorial y se contrastó la invarianza del modelo factorial entre la MPG y la MCO. La consistencia interna de la EHHB se incrementó y fue alta (α ordinal = 0.833 en MPG y 0.865 en MCO), al eliminarse dos ítems repetidos: frecuencia del cepillado dental (ítem 1), y el uso de pasta dental durante el cepillado (ítem 3). En ambas muestras se definieron dos factores: uso de hilo dental con cuatro ítems (α ordinal = 0.911 en MPG y 0.944 en MCO), y cepillado dental con cuatro ítems (α ordinal = 0.628 en MPG y 0.633 en MCO). La consistencia interna de este último mejoró (α ordinal = 0.693 en MPG y 0.727 en MCO), al ser incluido el ítem 8 (atención prestada a la limpieza del espacio interdental). El modelo de dos factores tuvo buen ajuste y propiedades de invarianza aceptables entre ambas muestras. Se concluye que la EHHB con ocho ítems es consistente y el modelo bifactorial es válido en MPG y MCO, presentando el ítem 8 una posible doble interpretación.

ABSTRACT The lack of oral hygiene can cause different types of conditions, such as caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. In Mexico, the use of the Oral Hygiene Habits Scale (OHHS) has recently been proposed as a diagnostic tool for the health sector. The objective of this research was to establish the internal consistency and factor structure of the OHHS, so that it can be applied in the evaluation of oral hygiene habits. In Monterrey, Mexico, a general population sample (GPS) of 256 participants and another dental clinic sample (DCS) of 240 participants were collected, using nonprobability sampling. The discriminability and internal consistency of the OHHS 10 items were verified, the internal consistency of the scale was calculated, the factor structure was explored and the invariance of the factor model across the GPS and the DCS was contrasted. The internal consistency of the OHHS increased and was high (ordinal α = 0.833 in GPS, and = 0.865 in DCS), by eliminating two repeated items: dental brushing frequency (item 1), and toothpaste use during brushing (item 3). In both samples, two factors were defined: dental floss with four items (ordinal α = 0.911 in GPS and 0.944 in DCS), and dental brushing also with four items (ordinal α = 0.628 in GPS, and 0.633 DCS). The internal consistency of the latter improved (α ordinal = 0.693 in GPS, and 0.727 in DCS), when the item 8 was included (attention paid to cleaning the interdental space). The two-factor model had good fit, and acceptable invariance properties across the two samples. We concluded that the eight-item OHHS is consistent, and the two-factor model is valid across GPS and DCS, where item eight displays a possible double interpretation.

Propiedades psicométricas del Work Preference Inventory (WPI) en una muestra de adultos jóvenes mexicanos / Psychometric properties of the Work Preference Inventory (WPI) in a sample of young Mexican adults

Resumen El presente trabajo analiza las propiedades psicométricas del Work Preference Inventory (WPI; Amabile, Hill, Hennessey & Tighe, 1994) traducido al español, en una muestra de 762 participantes mexicanos de entre 17 y 27 años. La consistencia interna del instrumento indica un alfa de Cronbach general de 0.72, así como de 0.71 para la escala de motivación intrínseca y de 0.69 para la de motivación extrínseca. Se realizaron análisis factoriales para agrupar los reactivos en dos escalas primarias y cuatro secundarias. Además, se hizo la baremación a partir de la muestra estudiada. Los resultados indican que el WPI es un instrumento válido y confiable para medir la motivación en poblaciones universitarias.

Abstract In the present study was analyzed the psychometric properties of the Work Preference Inventory (WPI; Amabile, Hill, Hennessey & Tighe, 1994) translated into Spanish, in a sample of 762 Mexican participants between 17 and 27 years old. The internal consistency of the instrument indicates a general Cronbach alpha of 0.72, as well as 0.71 and 0.69 for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation scales, respectively. Factor analyzes were performed to pool the items in two primary and four secondary scales. In addition, the norms were developed ​​from the study sample. The results indicate that the WPI is a valid and reliable instrument to measure motivation in college populations.

Los Estudios de la Migración Laboral: Estructura Factorial Exploratoria Del Estigma Laboral

El objetivo es establecer la confiabilidad y la validez de un instrumento que midió el estigma laboral. Se realizó un estudio no experimental, transversal y exploratorio con una selección no probabilística de 432 estudiantes de una universidad pública del Estado de México. A través de un modelo estructural ⌠χ2 = 303,205 (28) p = 0,017; GFI = 0,953; NFI = 0,973; RFI = 0,918; IFI = 0,917; TLI = 0,979; CFI = 0,908; RMSEA = 0,007⌡se encontró que el indicador EFL4 reflejó al factor del estigma formativo laboral (ß = 0,70), y el indicador ECL1 reflejó al factor del estigma de la calidad laboral (ß = 0,60). Se recomienda incluir en el modelo al estigma social, considerando que el clima de relaciones es preponderante sobre el clima de tareas, así como la extensión del estudio con grupos migrantes respecto a la formación y la calidad del desempeño de grupos oriundos.

Objective. The purpose of the study was to establish the reliability and validity of an instrument measured the labor stigma from two dimensions on training and performance quality. Method. From the question and alluding to the adjustment of the theoretical dimensions of labor stigma regarding factors weighted hypothesis, conducted a non- experimental, transversal and exploratory study with a nonrandom selection of 432 students from a public university in the State from Mexico. Results. Through a structural model ⌠χ2 = 303.205 (28) p = 0.017; GFI = 0.953; NFI = 0.973; RFI = 0.918; IFI = 0.917; TLI = 0.979; CFI = 0.908; RMSEA = 0,007⌡se found that EFL4 indicator showed the labor training stigma factor (ß = 0.70) and ECL1 indicator reflected the stigma factor of labor quality (ß = 0.60). Discussion. It is recommended to include in the model of social stigma, considering that the climate of relations is prevailing climate of tasks according to the literature reviewed, and the extension of the study with migrant groups to training and quality performance of native groups.

Cuestionario de evaluación de factores psicosociales (cefap): estructura y propiedades psicométricas / Questionnaire for the evaluation of psychosocial factors (cefap): structure and psychometric properties

A una muestra de 873 trabajadores de organizaciones públicas de Argentina, se ha administrado el Cuestionario de Evaluación de Factores Psicosociales (CEFAP) que incluye once dimensiones, con una serie de ítems con formato tipo Likert organizados de acuerdo con un modelo teórico según el cual éstos cubrirían el espectro de factores psicosociales que contextualizan el trabajo. Todos los factores mostraron una alta consistencia interna, con valores α de Cronbach comprendidos entre .49 (Relación salud-trabajo) y .92 (Apoyo Social y Estima). Además, el cuestionario cuenta con un apartado donde se relevan variables sociolaborales. Los resultados indican que el CEFAP reproduce fielmente la estructura del modelo teórico propuesto ampliando lo presentado por otros instrumentos de evaluación.

The Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Psychosocial Factors (CEFAP) was administered to a sample of 873 employees of public organizations of Argentina. The questionnaire includes eleven dimensions, with a series of items Likert-formatted organized according to a theoretical model that states that these would cover the spectrum of psychosocial factors that contextualize the working activity. All factors showed high internal consistency with Cronbach α values ranging from .49 (Health-work relationship) and .92 (Social Support and Esteem). In addition, the questionnaire has a section where occupational variables are collected. The results indicate that the CEFAP faithfully reproduces the structure of the proposed theoretical model, expanding what was presented by other assessment tools.

Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale Revised in Colombian undergraduates / Estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales Revisada en universitarios colombianos

The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) is a classic, 40-item measure of dysfunctional schema - a key construct of the cognitive model of depression. However, some controversy exists regarding the factorial structure of the DAS. Accordingly, a revised version of the DAS (hereafter, the DAS-R) has been recently proposed using confirmatory factor analysis and consisting of 17 items. The DAS-R contains two correlated factors: Perfectionism/Performance evaluation and Dependency. In a previous study with a Spanish sample, a hierarchical factor model with these two first-order factors and a general factor showed the best fit of the data. This study analyses the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the DAS-R in a sample of 762 Colombian undergraduates. The results were very similar to the ones obtained in the Spanish sample. The hierarchical factor structure showed the best fit of the data, and the DAS-R showed good internal consistency and discriminant and convergent validity. In conclusion, the DAS-R seems a good option to measure dysfunctional schema in Colombia. Furthermore, the replication of the hierarchical factor structure indicates that the DAS-R provides general and specific measures of dysfunctional schema that are theoretically meaningful.

La Escala de Actitudes Disfuncionales (DAS) es una medida clásica de 40 items de los esquemas disfuncionales, un constructo central en el modelo cognitivo de la depresión. Sinembargo, existe alguna controversia en torno a su estructura factorial. Recientemente se ha Análisis factorial propuesto una versión revisada del DAS (de aquí en adelante DAS-R), consistente en 17 items, usando un análisis factorial confirmatorio. El DAS-R contiene 2 factores correlacionados: perfeccionismo/evaluación del rendimiento y dependencia. En un estudio previo con una muestra española, una estructura jerárquica con estos 2 factores de primer orden y un factor general mostró el mejor ajuste a los datos. Este estudio analiza la estructura factorial y las propiedades psicométricas del DAS-R en una muestra de 762 estudiantes universitarios colombianos. Los resultados fueron muy similares a los obtenidos en la muestra española. La estructura factorial jerárquica mostró el mejor ajuste a los datos y el DAS-R mostró buena consistencia interna y validez discriminante y convergente. En conclusión, el DAS-R parece una buena opción para medir los esquemas disfuncionales en Colombia. Además, la replicación de la estructura factorial jerárquica indica que el DAS-R provee medidas generales y específicas de los esquemas disfuncionales que son teóricamente significativas.

Adaptação brasileira e estrutura fatorial da escala 240-item via Inventory of strengths / Brazilian adaptation and factor structure of the 240-item via inventory of strengths scale / Adaptación brasileña y estructura factorial de la escala 240-item via inventory of strengths

Este estudo objetivou: (1) realizar a adaptação transcultural do 240-item VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) para o Brasil; (2) investigar a estrutura fatorial do VIA-IS em uma amostra brasileira; e (3) reportar dados descritivos de escores de forças no VIA-IS nessa amostra. A adaptação da escala para uso no Brasil seguiu diretrizes padronizadas para adaptação transcultural de instrumentos psicológicos, gerando uma versão brasileira do VIA-IS similar à original. As análises de estrutura fatorial e descritivas foram realizadas com uma amostra de 1.975 brasileiros, com média de idade de 35,0 anos (DP = 10,8). Os resultados encontrados sugerem o uso do instrumento como uma medida unidimensional de potencialidades. A amostra apresentou médias altas de escores em todas as forças avaliadas, com mulheres relatando escores mais altos que homens, na maioria delas. São discutidas implicações para a avaliação em Psicologia Positiva de forças e virtudes com o VIA-IS em contexto brasileiro.

The aims of this study were: (1) to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of the 240-item VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) to use in Brazil; (2) to investigate the factor structure of the VIA-IS in a Brazilian sample; and (3) to conduct descriptive analyses of strengths scores in the VIA-IS in the Brazilian sample. The cross-cultural adaptation provided a Brazilian-Portuguese version of the VIA-IS that is similar to the original version of the instrument. The descriptive and factor structure analysis were conducted in a sample of 1.975 Brazilians, with a mean age of 35.0 years old (SD = 10.8). Results suggest that the instrument should be used as a unidimensional measure of strengths and virtues. The sample presented high scores in all strengths assessed, and women scored higher than men in the majority of the strengths. We discuss implications for the assessment of strengths and virtues in Positive Psychology using the VIA-IS in the Brazilian context.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo: (1) realizar la adaptación transcultural del inventario 240-item VIA Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) para su uso en Brasil; (2) investigar la estructura factorial del VIA-IS en una muestra brasileña; y (3) informar datos descriptivos de las puntuaciones de fuerzas en el VIA-IS en esa muestra. La adaptación de la escala para su uso en Brasil siguió pautas estandarizadas para la adaptación transcultural de instrumentos psicológicos, generando una versión brasileña del VIA-IS similar a la original. Los análisis de estructura factorial y descriptivas se llevaron a cabo en una muestra de 1.975 brasileños, con edad media de 35,0 años (SD = 10,8). Los resultados sugieren que el instrumento debe ser utilizado como una medida unidimensional de potencialidades. La muestra presentó medias altas de puntuaciones en todas las fuerzas evaluadas, y las mujeres tuvieron mayor puntuación que los hombres en la mayoría de ellas. Se discuten las implicaciones para la evaluación en Psicología Positiva de fuerzas y virtudes utilizando el VIA-IS en el contexto brasileño.

Cuestionario de evaluación de estilos, modalidades y tipos de acoso laboral (CEMTAL): estructura y propiedades psicométricas / Questionnaire for the evaluation of styles, forms and types of mobbing (CEMTAL): structure and psychometric properties

A un colectivo de 1902 trabajadores de organizaciones públicas y privadas de Argentina, se ha administrado el Cuestionario de Estilos, Modalidades y Tipos de Acoso Laboral (CEMTAL) que incluye una dimensión individual, con una serie de ítems con formato tipo Likert organizados de acuerdo con un modelo teórico según el cual el Acoso está compuesto por 5 factores estructurales (Relacionalidad Intrusividad, Descaliicación, Acatamiento Normativo y Contacto Físico/Sexual) y una escala de Efectos sintomatológicos. Todos los factores mostraron una alta consistencia interna, con valores α de Cronbach comprendidos entre .67 (Contacto Físico/Sexual) y .88 (Intrusividad). Además, el cuestionario cuenta con una dimensión organizacional compuesta por cuatro escalas creadas ad hoc para evaluar ese aspecto. Los resultados indican que el CEMTAL reproduce fielmente la estructura del modelo teórico propuesto. Además, no solo evalúa el Acoso Laboral desde un doble enfoque (objetivo- subjetivo) sino que complementa la perspectiva individual con una organizacional.

The questionnaire of styles, forms and types of Mobbing (CEMTAL) was administered to a group of 1902 workers from public and private organizations in Argentina. The questionnaire includes an individual dimension, with a series of items Likert-type formatted, organized according to a theoretical model in which harassment is composed of 5 structural factors (Relationality, Intrusiveness, Disqualification, Regulatory compliance, and Physical/Sexual contact) and a Scale of symptoms. All factors showed a high internal consistency, with values α of Cronbach between .67 (Physical /Sexual contact) and .88 (Int rusiveness). The questionnaire also includes an organizational dimension made up of four scales created ad hoc to evaluate this aspect. The results indicate that the CEMTAL faithfully reproduces the structure of the proposed theoretical model. In addition, it not only evaluates mobbing from a twin-track approach (objective - subjective) but it complements the individual perspective with an organizational one.